In these there should be a breakdown of the information in the reference guides including symptoms relevant systems information and specific examination techniques that will be utilised to make the history and physical exam notes. those notes will be skeleton outlines to use. and should contain specific examinations

EZ reference

Associated symptoms

pain
dyspnoea
- orthopnoea
- Paroxysmal Nocturanal dyspnoea
oedema
claudication
Syncope and presyncope

Very relevant general symptoms

Fatigue
Sleep disturbance
Weight change

Common cardiovascular conditions

angina
acute coronary symptoms
Myocardial Infarction
Peripheral vascular disease
Hypertension
heart failure
Atrial fibrillation
Vasovagal syncope
Valvular heart disease
Deep vein thrombosis
pulmonary embolism

Even deeper

Common conditions

angina

Presents as pain in chest and cause is usually atheroscleosis. vasospastic angina (prinzmetals) is less common.

acute coronary syndrome

presents as unwell with new onset chest pain or deterioration of pre existing angina. the pain is describes as a central pain that is crushing or often radiating to left arm or neck. It is associated with shortness of breath anxiety, sweating, and restlessness, this can be due to atherosclerotic plaque rupture or erosion which leads to thrombus formation, or complete coronary artery occlusion.

Myocardial Infarction

this can occur when acute coronary syndrome is not recognised and treated. myocardial infationcation occured when heart muscle die due to myocardial ischaemia. If a patient in acute coronary syndrome presents in a timely fashion and have successful treatment infarction can be prevented or reduced. MI leads to heart failure.

Peripheral vascular disease

this can cause intermittent claudication, or acute lower limb ischaemia. it is caused by atherosclerosis affecting aorto illiac or infra inguinal arteries intermittent claudication is angina of the leg and acute lower limb ischaemia is a infarction.

Hypertension

consistently elevated blood pressure on examination. this can cause vascular disease, arrhythmias, heart failure, and patients who present with HTN may also present for complications.

Heart failure

this occurs when the heart can no lonfer pump blood well leading to signs and symptoms of HF

right HF
Left HF
Biventricular HF

Atrial fibrillation

shortness of breath on exertion, reduced exercise tolerance, and fatigue. Also they might have an unusual feeling in their chest or be aware of palpitations. Stroke is a risk.

Vasovagal syncope

Temporary loss on consciousness after being exposed to a specific trigger. may be preceded by nausea, sweating, light-headedness, blurred vision, headaches, palpitations, paraesthesiae (abnormal sensations), and pallor.

Valvular heart disease

This

Aortic stenosis
- brethlessness chest pain or tightness with exertion, palpitations, presyncope or syncope
Mitral stenosis
- breathlessness, PND, palpitations, ankle swelling.
aortic regurgitation
- really HF symptoms
Mitral regurgation
- shortness of breath fatigue orthopnoea, ankle swelling

Deep vein thrombosis

presents with a swollen painful cald usually after a period of inactivity due to surgery injury or travel. caused by a clot in the venous system. patient may be asymptomatic and the DVT is only diagnosed when patient presents with pulmonary embolism

Pulmonary embolism

sudden unexplained shortness of breath, if lung infarction occurs the patient can have chest pain that gets worse while breathing, and cough up blood, haemoptysis. it can present as sudden collapse with severe central chest pain, shock pallor, and sweatiness with syncope and sudden death. the patient may hace an associated swollen painful calf due to a DVTv

Examinations

General observation

Peripheral pulses

This is assessing rate rhythm and character/ volume of 4 points:

radial
brachial
carotid
pedal pulses

Capillary refill

Push on a digit for 5 seconds. If it takes more than 2 seconds for blood to refill the refill is less than normal.

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2 CVS Reference Guide